Fig. 1

ASH-WEX and FIV pretreatment inhibits both β-amyloid and LPS-induced morphological changes in primary and BV-2 microglia. A Histograms represent the cytotoxicity assay of the BV-2 microglia treated with the (i) ASH-WEX and (ii) FIV after 48 h of the treatment. ASH-WEX and FIV inhibit the change in the microglial morphology from ramified to amoeboid due to LPS and β-amyloid treatment. iii Histogram represents the relative optical intensity of Iba-1 in primary microglial cells among the different treated groups. B (a) Represents the differential interference contrast (DIC) images of BV-2 microglial cells pretreated with ASH-WEX and FIV with or without treatment with LPS and β-amyloid, (b) Confocal images of α-tubulin immunostaining of the BV-2 microglia pretreated with ASH-WEX and FIV with or without activation with LPS and β-amyloid showing changes in the morphology, (c) Confocal images of Iba-1 immunostaining of primary microglial cells pretreated with ASH-WEX and FIV with or without treatment with LPS and β-amyloid, a specific microglial marker allowing distinction between activated and resting microglia in primary microglial cells, and (d) DIC images of primary microglial cells pretreated with ASH-WEX and FIV with or without treatment with LPS and β-amyloid (scale bar 50 μm). *p < 0.05 represents statistically significant difference between control and treated groups in MTT assay. *p < 0.05 represents statistically significant difference between control and β-amyloid + ASH-WEX, β-amyloid + FIV, LPS + ASH-WEX, and LPS + FIV-treated groups. ⁺ p < 0.05 represents statistically significant difference between control and β-amyloid and LPS-treated group. ^# p < 0.05 represents statistically significant difference between β-amyloid and β-amyloid + ASH-WEX, β-amyloid + FIV, LPS and LPS + ASH-WEX, and LPS + FIV-treated groups