Fig. 1

β1 proteasome subunit immunoreactivity in control, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIa, FCD type IIb, and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Panels a, b (control) show weak immunoreactivity (IR) in both the cortex (a insert: neuron with weak expression of β1 subunit) and white matter (b not-detectable glial expression). Panel c (FCD IIa) shows positive dysmorphic neurons (arrows; insert: high magnification) and glial cells (arrow heads). Panels d–e (FCD IIb) show several β1 positive cells within the cortex (d) and white matter (e), including the dysmorphic neurons (arrows in d), glial cells (arrow heads and insert in d) and balloon cells (arrows in e; prominent nuclear expression; insert: high magnification). Panels f–g (TSC tuber): β1 subunit expression is observed within the tuber in dysmorphic neurons (arrows in f; insert a: co-localization with the neuronal marker NeuN; insert b, co-localization with GFAP), glial cells (arrow heads in f) and in giant cells (asterisk (g); insert: co-localization with GFAP). Additional examples of the different cell types at higher magnification in separate specimens. The inserts within panels show imagines of the different cells types at higher magnification in separate specimens. Scale bar in G: A–C, E–F: 80 μm; D–G: 40 μm