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Table 2 Concentrations of cytokines/chemokines in the injured cortex at 6 h post-CCI or sham-operation in rats treated with EFX or Vehicle control

From: Etifoxine improves sensorimotor deficits and reduces glial activation, neuronal degeneration, and neuroinflammation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

 

Sham-vehicle (pg/mL)

Sham-EFX (pg/mL)

TBI-vehicle (pg/mL)

TBI-EFX (pg/mL)

TBI-vehicle vs. TBI-EFX

 

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

% decrease (ipsilateral side)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

 

 IL-1α

5.75 ± 0.87

5.17 ± 0.22

5.53 ± 0.81

3.83 ± 0.88

40.41 ± 5.14***

3.27 ± 0.63

13.55 ± 2.65**

1.32 ± 0.77

33

 IL-1β

45.14 ± 2.89

37.68 ± 2.43

56.58 ± 9.43

34.77 ± 3.25

382.88 ± 64.66***

33.98 ± 1.57

148.97 ± 25.50**

29.82 ± 1.72

39

 IL-2

26.47 ± 0.75

24.84 ± 0.70

23.48 ± 0.50

22.89 ± 1.57

27.55 ± 4.42

21.55 ± 0.62

23.44 ± 1.64

20.46 ± 0.64

ns

 IL-6

2.65 ± 0.33

1.76 ± 0.23

14.00 ± 8.89

3.21 ± 0.71

150.18 ± 21.25***

4.34 ± 0.64

41.97 ± 10.25**

1.86 ± 0.51

28

 IL-12

8.87 ± 0.29

8.54 ± 0.38

7.50 ± 0.24

7.50 ± 0.95

7.41 ± 0.26

6.95 ± 0.38

6.95 ± 0.20

7.10 ± 0.20

ns

 TNF-α

5.34 ± 0.35

1.30 ± 0.14

5.93 ± 0.36

4.48 ± 0.84

16.34 ± 1.71***

5.24 ± 0.62

9.91 ± 1.28**

5.91 ± 0.70

60

 GM-CSF

2.49 ± 0.67

2.24 ± 0.49

2.06 ± 0.26

1.52 ± 0.29

1.20 ± 0.22

1.15 ± 0.17

1.07 ± 0.27

1.36 ± 0.14

ns

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

 

 IL-4

2.86 ± 0.13

2.50 ± 0.08

3.20 ± 0.53

2.85 ± 0.51

4.19 ± 0.78

2.54 ± 0.05

3.65 ± 0.72

2.32 ± 0.13

ns

 IL-5

11.22 ± 0.24

10.74 ± 0.24

7.93 ± 0.31

6.72 ± 1.71

9.34 ± 0.63

9.24 ± 0.89

9.30 ± 1.18

9.00 ± 1.13

ns

 IL-10

25.99 ± 1.60

24.13 ± 1.67

19.94 ± 2.04

19.66 ± 4.35

35.29 ± 4.98

17.52 ± 2.82

28.48 ± 2.45

23.12 ± 0.83

ns

Macrophage-attracting chemokines

 

 MIP-1α

1.71 ± 1.01

0.04 ± 0.04

2.64 ± 1.3

0.00 ± 0.00

90.42 ± 25.47***

0.00 ± 0.00

36.99 ± 4.51*

0.24 ± 0.21

41

 MCP-1

7.50 ± 1.97

4.30 ± 0.63

12.82 ± 5.16

4.25 ± 0.64

93.82 ± 21.66***

5.53 ± 0.97

53.00 ± 7.45*

6.34 ± 1.55

56

  1. Six hours post TBI, ipsilateral and contralateral cortices were analyzed with the Bio-Plex Pro™ rat cytokine assays for IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, and MCP-1
  2. Data (n = 5/groups) represents mean ± SEM. p < 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant. Two-way analysis of variance was performed, followed by Tukey post hoc test
  3. NS not significant
  4. ***p < 0.001: comparison between sham-vehicle and TBI-vehicle groups in the ipsilateral side; **p < 0.001 and *p < 0.05: comparison between TBI-vehicle and TBI-EFX groups in the ipsilateral side
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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094