Fig. 1

Analysis of surface markers on cultured macrophages following polarization. a Representative dot blots showing cell populations expressing F4/80 and CD163. The blots represent the CD163 FMO-negative control (far left), M0-polarized cells (second left), M1 cells (third left), and M2 cells (far right). The percentage of macrophages negative for CD163 (F4/80⁺CD163⁻) are shown in top left quadrants, while macrophages expressing CD163 (F4/80⁺CD163⁺) are shown in top right quadrants. b Representative dot blots showing cell populations expressing F4/80 and MHC II. The blots show the MHC II FMO-negative control (far left), the M0 cells (second left), the M1 cells (third left), and the M2 cells (far right). The percentage of macrophages negative for MHC II (F4/80⁺MHC II⁻) are shown in top left quadrants, while macrophages expressing MHC II (F4/80⁺MHC II⁺) are shown in top right quadrants. c Percentage of polarized M0, M1, and M2 macrophages expressing CD163. d Percentage of polarized M0, M1, and M2 macrophages expressing MHC II. The data were analyzed using flow cytometry and FlowJo software. In c and d, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (one-way RM ANOVA, Bonferroni’s test). Data show the mean ± SEM (n = 8 samples per group)