Fig. 5

Sino suppressed OGD-induced inflammation in astrocytes in vitro. a–d qPCR analysis showing the relative mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. sham group; ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs. the indicated groups