Fig. 1

Glutamate increased brain glutamate level, AMPK activation, and Nrf2 inhibition in a time-dependent manner in the hippocampal CA1 region of the developing rodent brain. a Brain glutamate level, b AMPK activity, and c total NF- _k Bp65 activity analysis using ELISA histograms in the CA1 region brain homogenates after glutamate administration in a time-dependent manner. d The immunoblot protein expressions of AMPAR, phospho-AMPK, total AMPK, Nrf2, and β-actin in the developing rat brain homogenates 2, 3, and 4 h following glutamate administration. Relative density histograms depict the differences across the groups. Representative blots obtained in sections were prepared from at least five animals per group. Relative histograms of e brain glutamate level, f AMPK activity, and g total NF- _k Bp65 in the CA1 region brain homogenates of experimental groups, including glutamate and anthocyanins with or without glutamate treated P7 rats after 4 h. These assays were conducted in triplicate with similar results according to the manufacturer instructions. Significance, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 and ^## P < 0.01, respectively