Fig. 4

Glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the developing rodent brain is AMPK dependent. a The expression level of p-AMPK, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins in the P7 rat brain homogenates that were treated with glutamate or glutamate with or without compound C and anthocyanins for 4 h. Their densities were measured with the help of Sigma Gel software. Their respective relative density histograms were made with Prism GraphPad. The membranes were redeveloped for β-actin and used as a loading control. b, c The histograms of AMPK activity and ROS assay were conducted with brain homogenates of the abovementioned experimental animal groups. The assays were performed in triplicate with the same results. d The Western blot analysis of p-NF- _k B, COX2, and caspase-3 proteins in the hippocampus of postnatal day 7 rat brain following treatment with glutamate, glutamate and compound C, or glutamate, compound C, and anthocyanins. The relative integrated density for the abovementioned proteins are depicted in the histograms. The density values are expressed in arbitrary units as the mean ± SEM for the indicated proteins (n = 5 animals per group). Details are provided in the “Methods” section. e The activity histogram of NF- _k Bp65 (total) in the brain homogenates of treated animal’s measured with ELISA kit method. Significance; ***P < 0.001 and ^### P < 0.001, respectively