Fig. 3
From: Metformin reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation
Metformin inhibited morphine-induced NF-κB (p65) activation in microglial BV-2 cells. Metformin (100 μM) attenuated the translocation of NF-κB (p65) from the cytosol to the nucleus after morphine treatment. The effects of metformin were abolished by the AMPK inhibitor compound C (n = 4). NF-κB activity was analyzed by p65 nuclear translocation assay. Original magnification, ×400. Significant difference was revealed following one-way analysis of variance (**p < 0.01; Bonferroni’s post hoc tests)