Fig. 3

Hypobaria exposure upregulates the expression of cyclin D1 in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus at 30 days after TBI. a Representative immunofluorescent staining for cyclin D1 (red) and DAPI (blue). b, c Quantification of pixel intensity for cyclin D1 revealed significant increases in the TBI + HB group in contrast to the TBI-alone tissue. A significant decrease of cyclin D1 expression was observed in the CR8 treatment group in comparison to the TBI/Veh/HB group. N = 4 (sham), 6 (TBI), 6 (TBI/Veh/HB), 6 (TBI/CR8/HB). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, TBI vs. sham injury; ^$ p < 0.05, TBI/Veh/HB vs. TBI; ^## p < 0.01, TBI/CR8/HB vs. TBI/Veh/HB. d Cyclin D1 (red) predominantly expressed by GFAP⁺ astrocytes (green; DAPI, blue). Scale bar = 50 μm in a and d