Fig. 2

MS enhanced the release of cytokines and the expression of nuclear NF-κB p65 induced by sevoflurane in the hippocampus. a Sevoflurane anesthesia for 2 h increased the levels of TNF-α at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after anesthesia in both control and MS rats. The levels of TNF-α in MS rats were higher than that in control rats at each time point after anesthesia. The changes in the levels of IL-1β (b), IL-6 (c), and nuclear NF-κB p65 (d) in the hippocampus were similar to those of TNF-α. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 versus control; ^## P < 0.01 versus MS; ⁺ P < 0.05, ⁺⁺ P < 0.01 MS + sevoflurane versus sevoflurane (at the same time point). Error bars represent the means ± SD (n = 6). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test