Fig. 1

Cytokine mRNA and protein expression in medium of mechanically injured astrocyte–neuron mixed cultures. a mRNAs encoding IL-1β, IL-6, TNF–α, MCP-1, CCL5, IL-10, TGF-β1, CD200, NGF, and BDNF measured by real-time PCR in mechanically injured primary astrocyte–neuron mixed cultures at 6 h after injury compared with uninjured cortical mixed cultures. Values indicate mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. b Relative mRNA expression of BDNF high-affinity receptors TrkB.FL and TrkB.T1 and BDNF low-affinity receptor p75NTR in mechanically injured primary cortical–astrocyte–neuron mixed cultures exposed for 6 h compared with uninjured mixed cultures. Values indicate mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. **p < 0.01 (Student’s t test). Concentration of IL-1β (c), IL-6 (d), TNF-α (e), and TGF-β1 (f) in control medium and medium of mechanically injured mixed cultures (trauma-conditioned medium) at 6 and 24 h. Values indicate mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was performed with treatment and exposure time as independent variables)