Fig. 9
From: Toll-like receptor 4 in glial inflammatory responses to air pollution in vitro and in vivo
Proposed pathway of TLR4 activation by nPM treatment. Red: TLR4-dependent increased mRNA or protein (cytokines). Dark blue: proteins or mRNA unresponsive to nPM. White: proposed intermediates, not examined. nPM activated MyD88-dependent pathways, increasing NF-κB mRNA and increasing downstream cytokine productions of NF-κB activation. JAK/STAT pathway was also activated by nPM with TLR4 dependence. LPS-mediated TLR4 receptor activation by endocytosis was not altered by nPM treatment