Fig. 2
S1P3 is required for induction of inflammation in astrocytes. WT and S1P3 KO astrocytes were treated with vehicle or S1P (0.5 μM) for 1 h, and IL-6 (a), VEGFa (b), and COX-2 (c) mRNA expression was measured by q-PCR. IL-6, VEGFa, and COX-2 were normalized to GAPDH, and fold increase expressed relative to the WT or KO vehicle treated. Data shown are mean ± SEM of three independent experiments run in triplicate. *p < 0.01 between vehicle and S1P-treated groups and #p < 0.01 between WT and KO S1P-treated groups. d Quantification and Western blot of COX-2 expression in WT and S1P3 KO astrocytes treated with CYM-51736 (10 μM, 6 h). Data shown are mean ± SEM of values from three independent experiments run in triplicate. COX-2 was normalized to GAPDH and expressed relative to the WT or KO vehicle treated. e Quantification and Western blot of COX-2 expression in FTY720-treated (100 nM, 6 h) WT and S1P3 KO astrocytes. Data shown are mean ± SEM of values from three independent experiments run in triplicate. COX-2 was normalized to GAPDH and expressed relative to the WT or KO vehicle treated. *p < 0.01 between vehicle and treatment groups and #p < 0.01 between WT and KO treatment groups