Fig. 4

2ccPA suppressed the neuroinflammation. The mRNA levels of Iba1 (a), GFAP (b), NLRP3 (c), P2X7R (d), and IL-1β (e) relative to PGK1, as determined by qPCR in the corpus callosum after 5 weeks of CPZ exposure. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 5 animals. Immunostaining with anti-Iba1 showed microglial activation in the corpus callosum. Control (f, g), CPZ + saline (h, i), and CPZ + 2ccPA (j, k). Number of microglia in the corpus callosum (l). Data are mean ± SEM, n = 6 animals. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Newman-Keuls test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. control; ^# p < 0.01; ^### p < 0.001 vs. CPZ + saline). Scale bar 500-μm left images; 50-μm right images