Fig. 2

6-OAU, capric acid, and embelin induce microglial ruffling. a, b Microglia were incubated with vehicle and 6-OAU. After 2-min incubation, cells were fixed and stained with phalloidin (red) and DAPI (blue) to detect actin polymerization (white arrows) and nuclei, respectively. Scale bar, 20 μm. c–e Rate of microglia undergoing membrane ruffling 2 min after stimulation with vehicle, 6-OAU, capric acid, and embelin. The percentage of microglial rufflings was calculated by staining actin-polymerized lamellipodia with phalloidin [27]. Data represent mean ± SEM. In total, 150 cells from at least three independent experiments were used for quantification. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001