Fig. 3

Lidocaine specially induces the upregulation of SOCS3. a Lidocaine resulted in an enhanced level of SOCS3 in the spinal cord without affecting SOCS1. Lidocaine (100, 200, and 400 μg/10 μL, i.t.) was intrathecally administered once daily for 7 days. After the final administration, spinal samples were collected (n = 4). b Lidocaine (0.001 to 10 μM) promoted the expression of SOCS3 in a concentration-dependent manner in BV-2 cells. (Data were obtained from three independent experiments). Cells were collected and analyzed 12 h or the indicated time after lidocaine treatment. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus the saline or vehicle group; ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 versus the morphine-treated group