Fig. 1

Increased microglial and astrocytic activation after intraperitoneally injected LPS. a Photomicrographs of the hippocampal (Hp) and neocortical (Cx) areas from mice intraperitoneally injected with either PBS or treated with one of the three LPS regimens. Brain sections were stained with anti-Iba1 antibody for microglia (red) or with anti-GFAP antibody for astrocytes (green). DAPI was shown in blue. Scale bar, 50 μm. The white-dotted boxes are zoom-in views of the corresponding photomicrographs, scale bar 10 μm. b, c Comparison of the relative immunofluorescent intensity of Iba1 (b) and GFAP (c) in the hippocampal area between different treatments. d Comparison of the relative immunofluorescent intensity of Iba1 in the neocortical area between treatments. n = 5–8 per group. Data represent mean ± SEM; **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001