Fig. 3

Influence of medication on immune parameters in OCD. a Distribution of monocyte subsets (percentages of all CD16+, classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes) in peripheral blood of medicated (N = 71) and non-medicated patients (N = 20) with early-onset OCD and healthy controls (HC, N = 34). b Cytokine secretion by purified monocytes of medicated and non-medicated patients with early-onset OCD and healthy controls after 24 h of stimulation with LPS 1 ng/mL (IL-1β 43 controls, 80 medicated OCD, 20 non-medicated OCD; IL-8 40 controls, 62 medicated OCD, 17 non-medicated OCD; IL-6 39 controls, 66 medicated-OCD, 13 non-medicated OCD; GM-CSF 44 controls, 80 medicated OCD, 20 non-medicated OCD; TNF-α 44 controls, 79 medicated OCD, 19 non-medicated OCD). Results are expressed as means ± SEM of the original data, prior to log transformation. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate general linear model adjusted for age and gender with natural-log-transformed data. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001