Fig. 4

Inhibition of glutaminase reduces EV release in HIV-1-infected macrophages. a Timeline of treatments of macrophages prior to collection. b EVs were isolated from mock-infected or HIV-1-infected macrophages treated with 10 μM BPTES at the day after infection or 1 day prior to EV isolation. EV protein loading was normalized with protein concentrations in the whole cell lysates. EV markers, Alix, flotillin-2, and tTG in EVs, as well as the levels of β-actin in whole cells, were determined by Western blot. c–e Densitometric quantifications of the protein levels of Alix, flotillin-2, and tTG in EV markers were presented as fold change relative to that in mock-infected control EV lysates. Western blot results shown are representative of the three independent experiments. Quantification results were normalized to the control uninfected macrophage group; ANOVA and post-test were performed on the remaining groups. * and ** denote p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively, compared with the HIV-1-infected macrophages, n = 3 per group