Fig. 5

DMF treatment alleviates cognitive deficits following systemic immune challenge. a This figure illustrates the novel object recognition task using a 24-h retention interval. b Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to saline or LPS injection. DMF or vehicle (VEH) treatment was administered every other day for 3 days following LPS injection. At 5 days after LPS injection, the mice were subjected to the novel object recognition task. The time that mice spent with familiar or novel object was measured. Percentage of exploration time on the object was calculated. N = 10–16 mice/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to familiar object by unpaired Student’s t test. Data of saline, LPS + VEH, and LPS + DMF treatment are from three independent experiments; data of saline + DMF treatment are from two independent experiments. c Adult Nrf2^−/− mice were subjected to saline, LPS + VEH, or LPS + DMF injection as described. At 5 days after LPS injection, the mice were subjected to the novel object recognition task. The time that mice spent with familiar or novel object was measured. Percentage of exploration time on the object was calculated. N = 8–12 mice/group. There was no statistical significance between the familial and the novel object when data were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test. Data presented are from two independent experiments