Fig. 4
a–c Effects of DHA, 4-HHE, and 4-HNE on LPS-induced p-cPLA2 expression in microglial cells. Microglial cells were cultured in 12-well plates and pre-treated with DHA (12.5–100 μM), 4-HHE (1.25–10 μM), and 4-HNE (1.25–10 μM) for 1 h prior to stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 4 h. Protein extracts were used for Western blot analysis of p-cPLA2, total cPLA2, and β-actin as described in text. A representative blot was shown in each set of experiment. Bar graphs represent p-cPLA2/cPLA2 ratios from four experiments with different passages. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4) and analysis by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-tests, “a” represents significant differences (p < 0.05) between control versus LPS, and “b” represents significant differences (p < 0.05) comparing test compounds with LPS. IC50 values for each test compound were determined using the formula for regression analysis in Microsoft Excel 2016