Fig. 8

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) results in increased risk-taking and depression-like behaviors. a rmTBI results in reduced time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM), consistent with increased anxiety at 2 weeks post-injury (Tukey). All treatments with GF diets returned the levels to normal. b At 1 month post-injury, repetitive mTBI mice spend more time on the open arms of the EPM, compared to control mice, consistent with decreased fear avoidance and increased risk taking (Tukey). All treatments with GF diets returned the levels to normal. c By 6 months post-injury, risk-taking behavior progressively increases in the repetitive mTBI mice (Tukey). All treatments with GF diets returned the levels to normal (d, e). Repetitive mTBI mice also demonstrated increased immobility time in the Porsolt forced swim and tail suspension tests, consistent with depression-like behavior at 1 month post-injury (Tukey). All treatments with GF diets returned the levels to normal. *p < 0.05 versus control. Values are mean ± SD