Table 3 Studies which have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of DHEA or DHEAS outside of the CNS

Reduced regulation of IL-6 production in aged mice

[211]

Reversed effects and decreased production of IL-4 and IL-6 in antigen induced immunosuppression in mice

[212]

Reduced production of IL-6 in splenocytes of retrovirus infected mice as well as aged-induced immunocompromised mice

[213]

Decreased production of IL-4 and increased production of IL-2 by concanavalin-A-stimulated PBMCs from patients with atopic dermatitis

[214]

Reduction of TNF-α serum concentrations in obese Zucker rat model

[215]

Inhibition of IL-6 production in isolated primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)

[10]

Reduced production of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line

[216]

Inhibition of TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-mediated gene transcription in HuH7 human hepatocyte cell line

[217]

Suppression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in primary human HIV-positive macrophages, as well as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-positive felines

[218]

Inhibits acute LPS-induced microglia-mediated inflammation both in vivo and in vitro through the activation of TrkA-Akt1/2-CREB-Jmjd3 pathway and reduces IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12 and MCP-1 gene expression

[64]