Fig. 2

Conditioned media from Mn-treated glial cultures induces cell death in N2A neuronal cells. a N2A cells exposed to Mn-exposed GCM for 24 or 48 h showed a dose-dependent decrease in viability at 100 μM MnCl₂, more so at 48 h. b 48-h Mn-treated GCM caused a greater decrease in neuronal viability compared to either ACM or MCM. c, d (top) Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that 48-h exposure to 100 μM MnCl₂-GCM increased apoptosis in N2A cells to a greater extent than ACM (c, d middle) or (c MCM, d bottom), based on the number of Annexin V+ and Propidium iodide+ cells. One-way ANOVA analyses performed for experiments comparing three or more treatment groups and t test in those comparing two treatment groups. Data depicted as ± S.E.M. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 (n ≥ 4 per treatment group; across ≥ 3 independent experiments)