Table 1 Demographic and clinical features of the study subjects
NHS | SMC | MCI | AD | F (3, 256)/χ2# | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic features | ||||||
Females/males [ratio n. subjects] | 53/41 | 41/20 | 26/19 | 35/25 | 1.975 | 0.578 |
Age at study [mean years ± SD (range)] | 68.64±6.95 (53–90) | 65.84±6.43 (51–79) | 66.98±8.14 (52–91) | 78.13±8.35 (60–92) | 34.14 | < 0.001 |
Schooling [mean years ± SD] | 11.11±4.06 | 11.80±4.11 | 10.31±4.51 | 7.08±5.00 | 4.16 | < 0.001 |
BMI [mean ± SD] | 28.21±4.29 | 28.09±4.67 | 29.21±4.36 | 25.73±4.34 | 6.278 | < 0.001 |
Co-morbidities | ||||||
Smoking+ [n. subjects (%)] | 15 (15.9%) | 6 (9.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | 12 (20%) | 2.618 | 0.454 |
Hypertension [n. subjects (%)] | 44 (46.8%) | 36 (59.0%) | 24 (53.3%) | 31 (51.6%) | 2.252 | 0.522 |
Diabetes [n. subjects (%)] | 13 (13.8%) | 7 (11.5%) | 6 (13.3%) | 17 (28.3%) | 8.015 | 0.046 |
Dyslipidemia [n. subjects (%)] | 26 (27.6%) | 9 (14.8%) | 15 (33.3%) | 23 (38.3%) | 9.111 | 0.028 |
TIA/stroke [n. subjects (%)] | 3 (3.2%) | 6 (9.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | 8 (13.3%) | 6.423 | 0.093 |
Myocardial infarction [n. subjects (%)] | 6 (6.4%) | 2 (3.3%) | 4 (8.9%) | 6 (10%) | 2.451 | 0.484 |
Clinical manifestations | ||||||
MMSE < 24 [positive/negative] | 0/94 | 0/61 | 2/43* | 60/0 | n.t. | < 0.001 |
MMSE [mean score ± SD] | 29.12±1.30 | 29.44±1.3 | 28.54±1.82 | 12.15±7.70 | 289.33 | < 0.001 |
Rey test failure [positive/negative] | 0/94 | 0/61 | 32/13 | 60/0 | n.t. | < 0.001 |
Pharmacological treatments | ||||||
Anti-hypertensive [n. subjects (%)] | 49 (52.1%) | 37 (60.6%) | 22 (48.8%) | 39 (65.0%) | 3.985 | 0.263 |
Lipid-lowering [n. subjects (%)] | 25 (26.6%) | 15 (24.5%) | 18 (40.0%) | 20 (33.3%) | 3.829 | 0.281 |
Hypoglycaemic [n. subjects (%)] | 13 (13.8%) | 6 (9.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | 18 (30.0%) | 10.697 | 0.013 |
Antacids [n. subjects (%)] | 22 (23.4%) | 14 (22.9%) | 13 (28.8%) | 18 (30.0%) | 1.319 | 0.725 |
Anti-platelets [n. subjects (%)] | 23 (24.4%) | 13 (21.3%) | 11 (24.4%) | 27 (45.0%) | 10.685 | 0.014 |
Immunomodulatory [n. subjects (%)] | 2 (2.1%) | 2 (3.3%) | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (1.7%) | 0.379 | 0.944 |
Anti-inflammatory [n. subjects (%)] | 3 (3.2%) | 2 (3.3%) | 2 (4.4%) | 0 | 2.357 | 0.502 |
Anti-gout [n. subjects (%)] | 3 (3.2%) | 2 (3.3%) | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (1.7%) | 0.448 | 0.930 |
Supplements [n. subjects (%)] | 19 (20.2%) | 15 (24.5%) | 4 (8.9%) | 15 (25.0%) | 5.118 | 0.163 |