Fig. 4

Increased activation of T lymphocytes in the 3xTg-AD mice. Levels of serum cytokines/chemokines were determined by multiplex ELISA (N = 7–8 9- and 13-month-old animals per group. N are indicated on the graphs). Molecules detected include interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), regulated on activated, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α). Increased levels of IL-2 were observed in 3xTg-AD mice and characterize T lymphocyte activation. Cytokines secreted by T helper lymphocytes (Th), Th1, Th2, and Th17 are presented and support Th17 polarization. All the other cytokines/chemokines listed above were unchanged between groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistics: &, P < 0.05 Effect of genotype determined by two-way ANOVA; * P < 0.05 Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test NTg vs. 3xTg-AD at each different age; refer to Table 1 for more details