Fig. 1

CSF from patients with gram-positive infection has elevated levels of IL-10 (a), IL-17A (b), and VEGF (c) compared to gram-negative infections. Gram-negative shunt infections demonstrate increases in IL-1β (d), Cx₃CL₁ (E), CCL2 (f), and CCL3 (g). Gram-positive and gram-negative infections resulted in nearly equivalent levels of INF-γ (h), TNF-α (i), IL-6 (j), and IL-8 (k). n = 3 patients in gram-positive group, n = 2–4 gram-negative group (2 samples had sufficient quantity for measurement of IFN-γ and IL-17A)