Fig. 1

Frequency of CSF-restricted OCBs in patients with adult MS (N = 276) [18], pediatric MS (N=136) [16], MDS (N = 35; present study), VLCFA-negative MDS (N = 24; present study), BCS (N = 146) [32], NMOSD (N = 144) [3] and MOG-EM (N = 45) [10, 11, 34, 35]. AQP4+ aquaporin-4-IgG-positive, AQP4− aquaporin-4-IgG-negative, BCS Baló’s concentric sclerosis, HQ-MRI high-quality MRI subgroup (see the “Results” section for details), MDS myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis, MOG-EM myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive encephalomyelitis, MS multiple sclerosis, NMOSD neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, VLCFA− subgroup tested for very long-chain fatty acids (normal in all)