Fig. 1

Knocking out TRPV1 inhibited GFAP expression in hypoxia-ischemia brain tissue. a After HI, GFAP expression was upregulated at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. GFAP expression levels by immunofluorescence were examined in the ipsilateral hemisphere sections from sham and HI groups. Scale bar = 100 μm. b, c Immunofluorescence intensity and cluster size of GFAP in the ipsilateral hemisphere hippocampus significantly increased in HI brain compared to sham brain. n = 6 for each group. d, e Western blot revealed upregulated expression of GFAP at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. GFAP expression levels were examined in ipsilateral hemisphere sections from Sham and HI. Quantification of independent blots. n = 5 for each group. f Knocking out TRPV1 or pretreating capsaicin reduced the upregulation of GFAP as shown by immunofluorescence at 24 h. Scale bar = 100 μm. g, h Knocking out TRPV1 or pretreating capsaicin reduced immunofluorescence intensity and cluster size of GFAP compared to HI group. n = 6 for each group. i, j Western blot revealed that knocking out TRPV1 or pretreating capsaicin reduced GFAP upregulation compared to HI group. Quantification of independent blots. n = 5 for each group. Cap, 3 mg/kg capsaicin. Average values represent the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus sham (Tukey’s test after one-way ANOVA). ^##P < 0.001 versus WT-HI (Tukey’s test after one-way ANOVA)