Fig. 3

Enhanced filopodia-like process formation by pneumococcal components. a Images of mock-treated and ∆PLY∆Cps-treated mixed glial cultures at the indicated time points, demonstrating the lack of filopodia-like membrane extensions in the mock-treated cells and multiple long and dynamic filopodia-like tentacles in the double mutant-treated cells (red arrows). Scale bars, 20 μm. b Statistical analysis of the filopodia-like process formation dynamics, demonstrating the inhibition of their formation in the presence of bacterial capsules or PLY compared to double mutant-treated cells. All values represent the mean ± SEM, n = 5 independent experiments, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. In all bacterial lysis experiments, the lysate concentration was 20 million CFU/ml