Fig. 9

The degree of inflammatory gene expression is regulated by β2-adrenergic receptor signaling 3 days after stroke. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes TNFα and iNOS (a) and anti-inflammatory genes IL-10 and Ym1 (b) were normalized to expression levels in saline-treated sham mice. There was lower expression of TNFα, iNOS, and IL-10 in clenbuterol-treated mice compared to saline-treated mice after stroke but not sham surgery, two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (n = 4–8 mice per group). Expression of genes for TNFα and iNOS (c) and IL-10 and Ym1 (d) were compared between Adrb2^cKO and Adrb2^WT mice normalized to expression in sham Adrb2^WT mice. Expression of TNFα, IL-10, and Ym1 was higher in Adrb2^cKO mice compared to Adrb2^WT mice after stroke but not sham surgery, two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (n = 4–8 mice per group). Bars, mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001