Fig. 2

MGL is expressed on alternatively activated microglia. a, b Monocyte-derived macrophages were polarized to the M0, M1, and M2 phenotypes. a Flow cytometry histograms. Representative plots from three independent experiments. b M0, M1, and M2 macrophages were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS in the presence or absence of GalNAc dendrimer (MGL agonist) or Gal-dendrimer (control dendrimer). After ON incubation, IL-10 was measured in the supernatants by ELISA. Values (fold change) are relative to that of control medium (medium without dendrimers). Mean + SEM, Mann Whitney U test, *P < 0.05 vs control treatment. Data are from two independent experiments with cells from four different donors. c Primary human microglia was isolated from freshly obtained post-mortem brain tissue and further polarized to the M0, M1, and M2 phenotypes. Cells were then lysed for mRNA isolation and the expression levels of MGL assayed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Each color identifies the cells from one donor. Values (relative expression, RE) are relative to that of GAPDH mRNA. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 (Friedman test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test). d Confocal microscopy in MS active lesion showing the merged expression of MGL (red) and P2Y12R (green). Nuclear staining (blue). Images were collected from the same section as in Fig. 1b. Scale bar, 15 μm