Fig. 3

Increased recruitment, MHC II, iNOS, and IL-12 expression in the brain upon H. polygyrus co-infection. Immune cells were isolated from the brains non-infected (Non.Inf.), T. gondii-infected (Tg), T. gondii and H. polygyrus co-infected (Tg+Hp), and H. polygyrus-infected (Hp) mice and analyzed by flow cytometry. a, b Representative gating strategy for immune cells. Following viability staining and the basic FSC/SSC gating, single cells were chosen for further characterization. a CD11b⁺CD45^int cells were identified as microglia. b In Tg-infected mice, myeloid cells (CD11b⁺CD45^hi) were further divided into neutrophils (Ly6G⁺CD11b⁺) and mononuclear cells (Ly6G⁻CD11b⁺). Ly6G⁻Ly6C⁺ mononuclear cells were again divided into three subpopulations (Ly6C^hi, Ly6C^int, and Ly6C^lo). c Monocyte recruitment was calculated as a percentage of single cells found in the brain. d, e Immune cell expression of MHC II was quantified using the MFI of their respective fluorochrome. f–m Immune cells were further characterized by their intracellular expression of the proteins iNOS, IL-10, IL12, and TNF. Bar graphs represent the percentage of cells positive for the marker of the respective population and the MFI of their respective fluorochrome. Bars represent mean ± SEM