Fig. 4
Nrf-2 signal pathway modulates VSMC functions and apoptosis rate. a Cell proliferation assays. Data are the means ± standard errors of the mean. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; #p < 0.05 compared with the H2O2 group. b Wound healing assays, representative images of HUVEC migration in the control, H2O2, tBHQ, and ML 385 groups in the scratch assay (scale bar = 50 μM). Data are the means ± standard errors of the mean. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; #p < 0.05 compared with the H2O2 group. c Transwell assays, representative images of invasive cells in the lower chamber stained with crystal violet (scale bar = 50 μM). (a) control, (b) H2O2, (c) tBHQ, (d) ML 385. Data are the means ± standard errors of the mean. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; #p < 0.05 compared with the H2O2 group. d Apoptosis rates as measured by flow cytometry. The Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Annexin V Alexa & propidium iodide (PI) was used to measure the apoptosis rate. (a) control, (b) H2O2, (c) tBHQ, (d) ML 385. Data are the means ± standard errors of the mean. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; #p < 0.05 compared with the H2O2 group. e Apoptosis rates analyzed by Hoechst staining. (a) control, (b) H2O2, (c) tBHQ, (d) ML 385. Data are the means ± standard errors of the mean. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; #p < 0.05 compared with the H2O2 group