Fig. 8

Influence of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) on hippocampal activation of NFκB p65-positive cells in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. Microscopy images of NFκB p65 (red) and DAPI (blue) immunostaining in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus (a). The fluorescence intensity profile of DAPI (blue line) and NFκB p65 (red line) in the immunostaining indicated by the white dashed lines in the inactive NFκB p65 (b, c) and active NFκB p65 (d, e). Quantitative analysis of the number of activated NFκB p65-positive cells in control and DSS-treated mice after administration of vehicle or EF-2001 (f). Activated NFκB p65 is expressed in astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of DSS-treated mice treated with EF-2001. Microscopy images of NFκB p65 (red), DAPI (blue), and DCX, NeuN, GFAP, or Iba1 (green) immunostaining in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus (g). The boxed area is shown in higher magnification. Bars represent means ± standard error of mean (SEM). **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated water group. ^##p < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated DSS group (n = 4–5 per group)