Fig. 9

Effect of P2Y12R on LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial morphological changes and inflammatory cytokine production. a Double immunofluorescence staining images of iNOS with Iba-1 in BV-2 cells stimulated with LPS and pretreated with MRS2395/clopidogrel (1.8 μM). Scale bar: 20 μm. b Representative Western blot showing iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells pretreated with the P2Y12 antagonists MRS2395 (20 μM) and clopidogrel (0.18 and 1.8 μM). The band intensity is presented relative to that of β-actin. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; **p < 0.01 compared with sham group; ^#p < 0.05 compared with the LPS group. c, d ELISA of IL-1β and TNF-α release from LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells pretreated with MRS2395 and clopidogrel. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared with the sham group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, and ^###p < 0.001 compared with the LPS group