Table 1 Published research examining the effects of probiotics intake on immune and inflammatory markers in animal and human models of MS
Author | Sample | Supplementation | Duration | Measurements | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salehipour et al., 2017 [35] | MOG-induced EAE in Female C57BL/6 mice, 8–10 weeks old, n = 8 per group | Treatment (T) groups: T1: L. plantarum T2: B. animalis T3: Both of probiotics. 109 CFU | 22 days | - CD4+, CD25+, Foxp3+, IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β, GATA3 - IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, T-bet, and ROR-γt | T1, T2, and T3 (particularly in T3): - Mitigation of EAE in mice through motivating polarization of CD4+ T-cells toward T-reg by induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby suppressing autoreactive T-cells proliferation and leukocyte infiltration into CNS |
Secher et al., 2017 [51] | MOG-induced EAE in male C57/BL6Jmice, 8–12 weeks old, n = 30–40 per group | T groups: T1: E. coli Nissle T2: archetypal. 108 CFU | 30 days | - Z0–1, Claudin-8, Reg3γ, Reg3β - CD4+, IFN-γ, IL-17, and TNF-α | - Reduced the severity of EAE induced by immunization with the MOG35-55 peptides - Decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines and an increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine by autoreactive CD4 T-cells, in peripheral lymph nodes and CNS - Increased numbers of MOG-specific CD4+ T-cells in the periphery contrasting with severely reduced numbers in the CNS - Repaired intestinal permeability dysfunction |
Kobayashi et al., 2012 [52] | PLP-induced EAE in SJL/J and MOG-induced EAE in C57BL/6 Female mice, 7 weeks old, n = 15 per group | - T group: L. casei 0.6–1.2 × 109 CFU | 50 days | - IL-17 and IFN-γ, IL-10 protein levels and mRNA, - CD4+, CD25+, CD8+ T-reg cells | - Non-significant neurological symptoms or histopathological changes of the spinal cord (SC) in either model - Improve neurological symptoms in the PLP-induced EAE in SJL/J mouse Unregulated IL-17 production by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes of draining lymph nodes on day 7 - Enhanced production of IL-10 and an increase in the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T-reg - Strong expression of IL-17 mRNA on day 12, but this expression was not enhanced by LcS administration |
Kwon et al., 2013 [53] | MOG-induced EAE in C57BL/6mice 6–8 weeks old, n = 10 per group | The IRT 5 probiotics contains 108 CFU/g of each strain: L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. reuteni, B. bifidum, Streptococcus thermophiles. (final 5 × 108 CFU) | 30 days | IL-4 (Th2) and IL-10 (Th2) and CD4+ T-cells, Foxp3+, IL-2 - CD3+, Gr1+ or/and CD11b+ monocyte, B220+ B cells - Th1/Th17; IFN-γ, TNFα and IL-17 protein levels and mRNA, IL-1β | - Prophylactic and therapeutic effects - A T-cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS - Pretreatment of IRT5 probiotics expressively suppressed EAE development - Delayed the disease onset of EAE - Inhibited the pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 polarization, while inducing IL-10+ producing or/and Foxp3+ T-reg, both in the peripheral immune system and at the site of inflammation |
Lavasani et al., 2010 [54] | MOG-induced EAE in Female C57BL/6mice, 8–10 weeks, n = 5 per group | T1: L. paracasei, DSM 13434; T2: L. plantarum, DSM 15312; T3: L. plantarum, DSM 15313; T4: L. paracasei, PCC, 101; T5: L. delbrueckii, subsp. L. bulgaricus, DSM 20081. T6: T1, T2, and T3. 109 CFU | 25 days | - Th2 type cytokines, - IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β1 CD25, CD4+T-cells IL-27, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 | - T1, T2, and T3 reduced inflammation in CNS and autoreactive T-cell responses - T1 and T2 induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-reg in MLNs and enhanced production of serum TGF- β1, while T3 increased serum IL-27 levels - T6 suppressed the progression and reversed the clinical and histological signs of EAE - The suppressive activity correlated with attenuation of pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokines followed by IL-10 induction in MLNs, spleen and blood |
Kouchaki et al., 2016 [50] | 18 to 55 years, n = 30 per group | probiotic capsule: L. acidophilus L. casei B. bifidum L. fermentum 2 × 109 CFU | 12 weeks | B cell- hs-CRP | Decreased serum insulin, hs-CRP- improve B cell function concentration |
Salami et al., 2019 | 20 to 60 years n = 24 per group | Probiotic capsules: B. infantis, B. lactis, L. reuteri, L. casei, L. plantarum and L. fermentum 2 × 109 CFU | 16 weeks | - IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP - IL-10 | - Reduction in some of inflammatory markers - Increase in IL-10 and nitric oxide levels |