Fig. 4

CSF EV protein abundance in relation to cognitive status of HIV+ subjects (n = 20). HAND subjects (n = 10) had a higher EV concentration (solid red circles represent subjects with HAD) and b greater EV-associated protein abundance compared to HIV+ subjects without HAND (n = 10). c The number of high abundance proteins detected in EV fractions and EV-depleted CSF was similar in subjects with versus without HAND (left panel), while HAND subjects had greater abundance of analyzed proteins compared to those without HAND (right panel). d Venn-diagram showing overlap of proteins identified in CSF EV fractions from subjects with and without HAND. e Volcano plot showing differences in protein abundance for subjects with vs. without HAND among 507 proteins identified in both groups. Each dot represents a single protein; red dots correspond to proteins significantly increased by ≥ 2-fold (p < 0.05). Selected proteins with high fold changes, p values < 0.05, or biological relevance for HAND pathophysiology are labeled. f Venn-diagram showing overlap of proteins identified in CSF EV fractions from subjects with ANI or MND and without HAND. g Volcano plot showing differences in protein abundance for subjects with ANI or MND vs. without HAND among 493 proteins identified in both groups. Each dot represents a single protein; red dots correspond to proteins significantly increased by ≥ 2-fold (p < 0.1). Selected proteins with high fold changes, p values < 0.1, or biological relevance for HAND pathophysiology are labeled