Fig. 6From: The phosphodiesterase 10 inhibitor papaverine exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects via the PKA signaling pathway in neuroinflammation and Parkinson’s disease mouse modelsEffects of PAP on microglial activation and the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in the brains of LPS-injected mice. a, b Immunohistochemical staining for Iba-1 and quantification of the number of Iba-1-positive microglia 3 days after LPS injection (each group n = 4–5). Microglial activation in the cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra of LPS-injected mice was reduced by PAP (30 mg/kg), and this was reversed by H89 treatment. Representative images (a) and the quantification of data (b) are shown. Scale bars, 100 μm. c, d Effects of PAP on the mRNA levels of iNOS, cytokines, microglial activation markers (TLR2, TLR4), and proinflammatory MMPs (MMP-3, MMP-8) in the cortices of LPS-injected mice (each group n = 4). Representative gels (c) and quantification data (d) are shown. e, f Effect of H89 on PAP-mediated suppression of proinflammatory gene expression in LPS-injected mouse brains. *p < 0.05, control vs. LPS-treated group; #p < 0.05, LPS vs. LPS+PAP-treated group; ##p < 0.05, LPS+PAP vs. LPS+PAP+H89 groupBack to article page