Fig. 7

TWS119 promoted pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype switch of microglia probably via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Pro-inflammatory polarization was stimulated by LPS plus IFN-γ for 24 h. a CCK-8 assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of TWS119, TWS119 with the doses (≥ 100 μM) exerted cytotoxic effect on microglia cells. b Using ELISA, 10 μM was determined the effective dose. TWS119 with doses (10 μM, 20 μM) increased the secretion of IL-10 in microglia cells stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ, while TWS119 with doses (5 μM, 40 μM) had no similar effect. c mRNA expression of CD16 was enhanced in LPS + IFN-γ-stimulated microglia cells, this enhancement was corrected by TWS119 treatment, IWR-1 reversed the effect of TWS119 on CD16. TWS119 increased the level of CD206, which was reversed by IWR-1. d TWS119 reduced the percentage of CD16/32 positive cells and raised CD206 positive cells in Flow Cytometry, which was reversed by IWR-1. e TWS119 increased the level of β-catenin, which was reversed by IWR-1. IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IWR-1, a reversible inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; LPS, lipopolysaccharide. (n = 5 per group, 5 independent experiments from 5 different microglia preps. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, N.S means no statistical significance)