Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to the quintiles of serum Dkk-3
Characteristics* | Dkk-3, ng/mL | p value‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 46.57 | 46.57–55.77 | 55.77–65.69 | 65.69–79.80 | ≥ 79.80 | ||
Number of patients | 668 | 668 | 670 | 669 | 669 | Â |
Demographics | ||||||
 Age, years | 57.07 ± 9.90 | 59.64 ± 10.23 | 61.91 ± 10.12 | 64.85 ± 10.46 | 68.18 ± 10.06 | < 0.001 |
 Male | 400 (59.88) | 437 (65.42) | 454 (67.76) | 427 (63.83) | 415 (62.03) | 0.031 |
 Current cigarette smoking | 243 (36.38) | 264 (39.52) | 263 (39.25) | 225 (33.63) | 227 (33.93) | 0.059 |
 Current alcohol drinking | 241 (36.08) | 254 (38.02) | 225 (33.58) | 186 (27.80) | 142 (21.23) | < 0.001 |
Medical history | ||||||
 History of hypertension | 525 (78.59) | 535 (80.09) | 522 (77.91) | 519 (77.58) | 526 (78.62) | 0.830 |
 History of coronary heart disease | 40 (5.99) | 55 (8.23) | 65 (9.70) | 83 (12.41) | 101 (15.10) | < 0.001 |
 History of diabetes mellitus | 132 (19.76) | 109 (16.32) | 109 (16.27) | 112 (16.74) | 121 (18.09) | 0.387 |
 Family history of stroke | 122 (18.26) | 146 (21.86) | 134 (20.00) | 112 (16.74) | 99 (14.80) | 0.009 |
Clinical features | ||||||
 Time from onset to hospitalization, h | 12.0 (5.0–24.0) | 11.8 (5.0–24.0) | 10.0 (4.0–24.0) | 10.0 (4.0–24.0) | 10.0 (4.0–24.0) | 0.427 |
 Systolic BP, mm Hg | 166.55 ± 17.14 | 167.29 ± 17.04 | 165.60 ± 17.13 | 165.79 ± 16.44 | 166.92 ± 16.64 | 0.296 |
 Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 98.65 ± 11.08 | 97.60 ± 10.90 | 96.96 ± 11.18 | 95.48 ± 10.28 | 94.69 ± 11.31 | < 0.001 |
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.67 ± 3.08 | 25.14 ± 3.10 | 24.87 ± 2.78 | 24.70 ± 3.11 | 24.24 ± 3.16 | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.10 (4.41–5.90) | 5.06 (4.35–5.72) | 4.92 (4.28–5.65) | 5.01 (4.29–5.73) | 4.90 (4.17–5.67) | 0.005 |
 Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.68 (1.20–2.46) | 1.53 (1.10–2.29) | 1.47 (1.02–2.03) | 1.38 (0.99–2.00) | 1.30 (0.94–1.91) | < 0.001 |
 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.90 (2.36–3.47) | 2.91 (2.34–3.53) | 2.89 (2.27–3.53) | 2.90 (2.26–3.43) | 2.82 (2.26–3.50) | 0.570 |
 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.20 (1.02–1.48) | 1.23 (1.04–1.48) | 1.22 (1.02–1.49) | 1.22 (1.04–1.48) | 1.27 (1.06–1.53) | 0.099 |
 Blood glucose, mmol/L | 6.00 (5.20–7.40) | 5.80 (5.10–7.41) | 5.70 (5.00–7.03) | 5.71 (5.08–7.10) | 5.60 (4.90–7.00) | < 0.001 |
 Creatinine, μmol/L | 65.0 (54.0–76.8) | 67.3 (56.0–78.0) | 69.0 (59.0–81.0) | 70.0 (60.0–83.6) | 73.0 (61.0–90.9) | < 0.001 |
 Uric acid, μmol/L | 280.00 (228.65–352.65) | 278.00 (230.30–336.10) | 285.80 (236.00–349.00) | 284.10 (233.30–336.00) | 284.50 (231.15–354.00) | 0.724 |
 High sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.00 (0.80–4.30) | 1.90 (0.80–4.40) | 1.70 (0.60–4.50) | 1.90 (0.70–4.90) | 1.90 (0.70–5.70) | 0.402 |
 Baseline NIHSS score | 4.0 (3.0–8.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 4.0 (2.0–8.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.385 |
Ischemic stroke subtype†| ||||||
 Thrombotic | 544 (81.44) | 518 (77.54) | 509 (75.97) | 508 (75.93) | 483 (72.20) | 0.002 |
 Embolic | 25 (3.74) | 24 (3.59) | 35 (5.22) | 38 (5.68) | 42 (6.28) | 0.088 |
 Lacunar | 109 (16.32) | 140 (20.96) | 149 (22.24) | 144 (21.52) | 159 (23.77) | 0.013 |
Receiving immediate BP reduction | 341 (51.05) | 334 (50.00) | 329 (49.10) | 320 (47.83) | 344 (51.42) | 0.683 |