Fig. 3

Effects of DMF treatment on NTG-induced anxiety and photophobia. EPM test was used to evaluate anxiety. NTG-injected mice showed anxiety stopping in closed arm (a), while DMF-treated mice spent more time in open arm (a); F values for treatment F (5, 798) = 4322; for time, F (6, 798) = 1360. In the same way, in NTG-injected mice, the number of entries in closed arm increased (b), while DMF treatment significantly augmented the residence time in open arm (b). In photophobia test, displaying migraine-like behaviors showed a strong tendency to stay longer in the dark zone respect to control mice (c), while NTG-injected mice, treated with DMF stayed more in the light zone (c). Data are means ± SEM of 20 mice for each group. One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test. ND not detectable. ***p < 0.001 vs. Sham; ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 vs. NTG. °°°p < 0.001 vs. Sham