Fig. 7

LPS antagonized rTMS effects on astrocytes and weakened rTMS-related neuroprotective effects. After exposing to OGD, primary astrocytes received rTMS stimulation and being cultured with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 8 h. Then, cells were cultured with normal medium. Proteins and ACM were obtained at 48 h-post OGD. a Expression of neurotoxic markers (C3 and iNOS) and neuroprotective markers (S100A10 and Arg1) were detected by Western blot. Images were representative of three independent experiments. b Quantification of indicated markers by ImageJ. n = 3 per group. Data are represented as mean ± SD; ***P < 0.001 vs. O/R group. ^#P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs. O/R + rTMS group. c TNF-α and IL-10 concentration in the indicated ACM were detected by ELISA experiment. n = 5 per group. Data are represented as mean ± SD; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. PBS + O/R + rTMS group. d TUNEL (red) and NeuN (green) staining of normal neurons co-cultured with indicated ACM for 48 h. n = 3 per group. Neurofilament (e) and PSD95 (f) staining of normal neurons co-cultured with ACM for 7 days. The red arrows indicated the areas that magnified on the bottom panels. Scale bar: 50 μm. n = 3 per group. O/R oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation