Fig. 4

Diet rich in microbiota-accessible carbohydrate prevented the degradation of hippocampus tight junction and suppressed the gliosis and inflammation in the hippocampus of diet-induced obese mice. a Protein level of occludin in the hippocampus (n = 6). b Protein level of Iba1 in the hippocampus (n = 6). c The immunofluorescent staining of Iba1 and quantification of Iba1⁺cells numbers in CA1, CA3, and DG of the hippocampus (n = 2 images per mouse, n = 6, scale bar 50 μm) and the image capture from the box marked with a dotted line (scale bar 10 μm). d and e The circularity and ramification index of Iba1⁺ cells (n = 2 images per mouse, n = 3). f mRNA expression of CD68. g The representative immunofluorescent staining of CD68 in the hippocampus, scale bar 25 μm. h Protein level of GFAP in the hippocampus (n = 6). i The immunofluorescent staining of GFAP and quantification of GFAP ⁺cells numbers in CA1, CA3, and DG of the hippocampus (n = 2 images per mouse, n = 6). j and k The circularity and ramification index of GFAP⁺ cells (n = 2 images per mouse, n = 3). l–n mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 in the hippocampus (n = 5). Scale bar 50 μm, the image capture from the box marked with a dotted line 10 μm. Values are mean ± SEM. ^*p < 0.05 vs. Control (Con). ^#p < 0.05 vs. high-fat and fiber-deficient (HF-FD)