Fig. 1

“Brain extracts” stimulated the synthesis and release of exosomes from astrocytes. a Exosomes (marked by CD9 (green)) derived from astrocytes were significantly increased under “brain extract” stimulation. b, c After 24 h of treatment, the medium of primary cultured astrocytes was harvested to detect the markers CD9 and CD63 by Western blotting (data were presented as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n = 5, t test). d A representative transmission electron microscopy image of purified exosomes from the culture medium of stimulated astrocytes after 24 h of treatment. Scale bar 100 nm. e The astrocyte-derived exosomes were identified by the markers CD9 and CD63 by Western blotting