Fig. 1

Antibiotic treatment prevents spontaneous CNS autoimmune disease. a Schematic view of the treatment protocol. Significant increase in the cecum size following antibiotic treatment. Exemplary pictures are shown. b Bodyweight change in percent compared to the initial weight. n = 10 per group. c Incidence of spontaneous EAE in a cohort of antibiotic-treated OSE mice. n = 15 per group. *P < 0.05 (Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test). d Frequencies of IL-17, IFNγ, IL-22, and TNF-α-producing CD4⁺CD45⁺cells in the small intestine from control and antibiotic-treated mice. n = 6–8 mice per group. *P < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test). e Comparison of fecal microbiome alpha-diversities (Shannon index) of control and antibiotic-treated mice. f Comparison of fecal microbiome phylum compositions in control and antibiotic-treated mice. g Fold changes of significant OTUs identified by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test as differentially abundant in fecal microbiomes. OTUs are colored by phylum affiliation and grouped by the highest taxonomic resolution