Fig. 4

Macrophage polarization after closed head injury and treatments. a Flow cytometry gating to identify macrophages (CD45^high, F4/80⁺) and M2-like macrophages (CD206⁺, CD86⁻). Labeled gates produce the subsequent image. b–e Macrophage analysis 1 week after injury, 2 days after treatment; n = 4, N = 20. b Number of total macrophages in the ipsilateral hemisphere for each treatment group. c Percentage of total macrophages that possess the M2-like phenotype (CD206⁺, CD86⁻). d Number of M2-like macrophages in each treatment group. e Ratio of M2-like to M1-like macrophages calculated by [CD206⁺, CD86^+/−]/[CD206⁻, CD86⁺]. f–i Macrophage analysis 12 days after injury, 1 week after treatment; n = 5, N = 15. f Number of total macrophages. g Percentage of total macrophages that possess the M2-like phenotype (CD206⁺, CD86⁻). h Number of M2-like macrophages. i Modified M2 the M1 ratio. In samples where there were “0” M1-like cells, this was changed to “1” to enable calculation of ratio. Mean ± SD and one-way ANOVA used for each graph with Tukey’s post hoc; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001