Fig. 5
Behavioral analysis after closed head injury and treatment. a Illustration representing the direct impact to an intact skull in closed head injury, producing a diffuse brain injury. b, c Functional analyses in sham mice (open gray circle) and mice injured on day 0 (open red square); n = 10, N = 20. b Time spent running on an accelerating rotarod (4 to 40 rpm). Time was recorded when the mouse fell off or if it grabbed on to the rod for ≥ 2 consecutive spins. c Time taken to find the hidden glass platform in a Morris water maze (MWM) task. d, e Functional analyses in day 0 injured mice with either day 5 treatment of PBS (closed red square) or IL-4 MSC (closed green circle) (n = 10), or sham mice (open gray circle) (n = 5); N = 25. d Time spent running on an accelerating rotarod. Blunt end indicates point of injury; arrow indicates day of injection. e Time taken to find the hidden glass platform in a MWM task. f Functional analysis in day 0 injured mice with either day 2 treatment of PBS, IL-4 MSC, or wild-type MSC (closed yellow diamond); n = 10, N = 30. f Time spent on an accelerating rotarod with markers for day of injury and injection. BL, baseline, D, day; graphs show mean ± SD; repeated measures ANOVAs with post hoc Tukey’s in each study; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. g Correlation of righting time (RT) after injury with day 1 rotarod (D1RR) performance. Spearman correlation conducted as D’Agostino and Pearson normality test indicated non-normal distribution. h Correlation of 10-point Neurological Severity Score (NSS) with D1RR. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated. Both correlations also analyzed via linear regression (purple) with R2 values reported; dashed line indicates rotarod performance of 150 s; p < 0.0001