Fig. 1

TSA administration notably suppresses astrocyte damage in NMOSD lesions at 24 h after brain injection. aSalvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and the chemical structures of TSA. b The protocol of the animal experiment. The purple arrow indicates the time point of NMO-IgG and hC injection. The black arrows represent the time points of TSA or vehicle treatment. The red arrow indicates the end point of the animal model experiment. c Representative immunofluorescence staining of AQP4 (top-left, green) and GFAP (bottom-left, red) in TSA- or vehicle-treated mice. d Reduction in the area of astrocyte marker immunoreactivity. Vehicle, n = 15; pre-TSA, n = 15; post-TSA, n = 5. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. The data are representative of three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests was performed