Fig. 5

HMGB1 activates TLR4 and RAGE signaling pathway to induce oxidative stress and inflammation in brain of MAFLD. a Co-localization of HMGB1/TLR4 and in b HMGB1/RAGE of CHOW and MCD mouse groups. Images were taken at × 10 and × 40 magnification. Co-localization of HMGB1 and TLR 4 was displayed as yellow dots, highlighted by white circles. c Immunoreactivity was displayed as bar graph representing mean ± SD of ROI % of 3 different areas (n = 3). Significance was tested by unpaired t test,*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. -.d Immunoblot analysis of TLR and RAGE from cerebral cortex of CHOW and MCD fed mouse groups. e Morphometric analysis of immunoblots a–c displayed as mean ± SD (n = 3), normalized against β-actin, and plotted as bar graph. Significance was tested by unpaired t test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001